The influence of traditions, social and climatic factors on the itectural design of multi-storey residential buildings: the case of the city of Bukhara

Introduction: Nowadays, constructing large residential complexes is regulated by effective construction norms that take into consideration various technical conditions, social, and climatic factors. However, the problem of the rapid development of multi-story residential construction in Asian, Arab, and some CIS countries remains unsolved. The architectural design solutions do not correspond to the demands of modern life and clearly reflect the historical and traditional heritage of these regions. In constructing multi-story residential buildings, universal architectural solutions are used contrary to the traditions of individual people and the nature of their native land. These residential buildings look monotonous, poverty-stricken, and strip the cities of unique architectural features. The architecture of residential multi-story buildings is an inalienable feature of modern cities and urban settlements. In the process of their formation and development, people have created forms and spatial compositions of residential buildings that express not only the characteristics of the historical and cultural environment but also those of the climatic and natural one. The height of buildings, the spatial and design solutions, the functionality of such buildings, and residential areas reflect the nature of social development and ultimately serve people. This is the main purpose of architecture. “Фан ва технологиялар тараққиёти” Илмий–техникавий журнал №2/2025 374 Точные и гуманитарно-экономические науки Traditions, in the form of cultural and historical influences, have a profound impact on the architectural design of multi-storey residential buildings. The design of a building is often reflective of the cultural and historical context in which it is built. For instance, in Islamic countries, arches, domes, and minarets are common features of building design, reflecting the region's rich cultural heritage. Similarly, in Japan, traditional architecture is characterized by the use of natural materials, minimal ornamentation, and an emphasis on natural light, reflecting the country's Zen Buddhist influences. These cultural and historical influences not only shape the aesthetic of the building but also inform the functional aspects of the design. Social factors, such as demographics, lifestyle, and social norms, also play a significant role in shaping the architectural design of multi-storey residential buildings. For example, in densely populated urban areas, there is a growing trend towards compact, high-rise residential buildings that prioritize functionality and efficiency. In contrast, in suburban areas, there is a greater emphasis on single-family dwellings with larger living spaces and gardens. Furthermore, changing social norms, such as the growing importance of sustainability and environmentalism, are influencing architectural design, with many buildings incorporating green roofs, solar panels, and rainwater harvesting systems. Today, the requirements for the quality of residential design in urban planning are increasing. In particular, economic, socio-demographic, architectural-artistic and natural-related to the accounting of climatic conditions, as well as environmental, sanitary and hygienic and aesthetic requirements. This set of requirements is realized as specific modern factors in the formation of the principles of the design of residential buildings. Taking into account the conditions of the local climate and the lifestyle and customs of the people on the basis of several hundred years of cultural development, the occupation of the northern and southern regions of the highlands of Central Asia, settlements in the lowlands was also expressed in this, among those who are engaged in the history of current architectural art, the types of In addition, there is also a type of houses of the Highlands and steppe zones. Each of these is the product of local folk schools of architecture, and at the same time also has common signs. This commonality is that in all of them the main element is the courtyard. Courtyards was usually surrounded by four enclosures with rooms connected by the means of corridors, as well as a porch and similar summer living areas, a farm and auxiliary rooms. The formation of courtyards in relation to it, the way in which rooms and summer structures were placed, gave rise to a distinctive regional appearance in the aforementioned cities and provinces. The formation of any residential area is certainly greatly influenced by the geographical environment. For example, houses built on the north side served to keep the interior of the apartments from the external environment, as the most basic requirement here was the opposite, and the houses had to be kept from the heat and overheating them. It was also necessary to harmoniously connect the inner part of the house with the external environment. Thus, on the basis of conflicting requirements, a structure (structure) of North and South houses appeared, completely dissimilar to each other. National culture and Customs also affect the structure and varieties of residential housing. Therefore, even if the southern housing in which the climate is one is similar, they change depending on the historical and customs of the indigenous people here. Therefore, the traditional settlements of the Uzbek people have adapted to their climatic conditions to the level of culture, customs and artistic traditions. The construction of residential houses in Uzbekistan has its own historical tradition. The houses were built in 2 different ways: national and European. The houses were mostly private courtyard houses. These houses are divided into 3 types according to the style of construction, these are: Bukhara houses, houses built in the Fergana and Khiva styles. Bukhara houses were highly developed during the feudal period, forming dense constructions, inverted to the street, i.e. separated from the street, with the courtyard facing the side, the rooms were one to two stories, densely built around the courtyard, and thus much cooler in the courtyard than the warm and dusty air of the street. The Bukhara residential type is usually far beyond the gate, with the overhead berk corridor starting at Dolon. Indeed, Dolon's role in the field of home- “Развитие науки и технологий” Научно–технический журнал №2/2025 375 Аниқ ва ижтимоий-иқтисодий фанлар building has been important. In his own right, he again filled the role of vestibule. In addition, an additional construction site, which also served as a shelter from the woodpecker. Dolon was more commonly used in urban courtyards. After the Dolon is the entrance or gatehouse (at some point the gatehouse was built before the Dolon). In the late 19th century, the houses were divided into” outbuildings “as well as” inner " courtyards. That was the reason. The first is to hide women from the "Foreign eye" under the influence of Islamic creeds, while the second is the division of the courtyard into economic (extraneous) and cultural (internal) zones, a habit that arose long before it. Just like that, the construction of rooms with a focus only on the side of the courtyard is of a dual nature. That is, the fact that the windows and doors do not open outside (to the street) is first within the framework of Sharia, while the secondary is the construction of the yard towards the trees and flowers in the yard, with the exception of external noise, dust, etc. Evidence of this can be traced back to the Arab occupation of this factor in Central Asian residential areas. Climatic factors, including temperature, humidity, and sunlight, have a profound impact on the architectural design of multi-storey residential buildings. In hot and arid climates, buildings are designed to provide shade, insulation, and natural ventilation, such as through the use of windows, awnings, and courtyards. In contrast, in cold and temperate climates, buildings are designed to retain heat, using materials such as brick, stone, and insulation, and incorporating features such as double glazing and central heating. Moreover, the availability of natural resources, such as sunlight and wind, can also influence the design of buildings, with architects incorporating features such as solar panels, wind turbines, and green roofs to harness these resources. Furthermore, the interplay between traditions, social, and climatic factors can result in a rich diversity of architectural designs, each reflecting the unique cultural, social, and environmental context in which the building is situated. For instance, in the Middle East, the traditional courtyard house, with its central courtyard, arched windows, and ornate decoration, has been adapted to incorporate modern sustainable features, such as solar panels and greywater reuse systems. Similarly, in Scandinavian countries, the traditional wooden chalet, with its steeply pitched roof and wooden cladding, has been adapted to incorporate modern insulation materials and energy-efficient systems. In addition to their impact on the aesthetic and functional aspects of building design, traditions, social, and climatic factors also have significant implications for the sustainability of multi-storey residential buildings. For example, the incorporation of traditional building materials and techniques can reduce the carbon footprint of construction, while the use of natural ventilation and daylighting can reduce the energy consumption of buildings. Moreover, the use of sustainable materials, such as recycled materials and low-carbon concrete, can further reduce the environmental impact of building construction. Conclusion. In conclusion, the architectural design of multi-storey residential buildings is a complex and multifaceted process that is influenced by a variety of factors. Traditions, social, and climatic factors play a significant role in shaping the design of these structures, influencing the aesthetic, functional, and sustainable aspects of building design. Understanding the interplay between these factors is essential for creating buildings that are not only aesthetically pleasing and functional but also sustainable and environmentally conscious. As the world's population continues to urbanize, the need for sustainable and environmentally conscious architectural design will only continue to grow, making the influence of traditions, social, and climatic factors on multi-storey residential buildings an increasingly important area of study